MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) signal transduction pathways are evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotic cells and transduce signals in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Each pathway is composed of three classes of protein kinase: MAPK, MAPKK (MAPK Kinase) and MAPKKK (MAPK Kinase Kinase). MAPK is activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation catalyzed by a family of dual-specificity protein kinase MAPKKs. MAPKK is in turn activated by phosphorylation mediated by MAPKKK. Cascades of MAPKs mediat...
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